When you think of the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, you may think of cold weather. These areas do have a long period of time and the weather is extremely cold. But in terms of temperature, the more specific definition of these areas is:
The Arctic - the warmest month of the year, the average temperature does not exceed 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 degrees Celsius).
Sub-Arctic - The warmest four-month average temperature in a year does not exceed 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 degrees Celsius).
There are also very cold weather in temperate high mountains and plateau areas. The following information on cold weather survival is also applicable to these areas.
Cold environment characteristics
The cold climate is a strong natural force. Even if you recognize its dangers and can use some of its individual characteristics, it may still be a terrible adversary. Neglecting or underestimating this force may lead to death.
In cold regions, cooling by cold winds increases the danger, which is the result of the flowing air blowing on exposed human skin. For example, a wind with a wind speed of 15 knots at the temperature of 15 degrees Fahrenheit (-9 degrees Celsius) causes the same effect as a minus 10 degrees Fahrenheit (-23 degrees Celsius) windless air temperature. Referring to Figure 15-1, you will find that the higher the wind speed, the lower the cold temperature.
In a cold environment, the weather and temperature change quickly. These changes will affect your speed and increase the difficulty of traveling. For example, rain, snow, or rising temperatures may make it impossible for you to move forward, or make terrain that can be easily turned over a few days ago become very dangerous.
It is much more difficult than to be in a warm environment to get the basic needs of life in cold areas - food, water, and shelter. Even if you already have these basic necessities, you must have enough clothes to keep warm and the will to survive.
As in any other environment, the first thing you need to think about in a cold environment is to treat, treat, and treat your partner's wounds or diseases.
Health hazards
When healthy, the internal temperature of the human body (trunk temperature) is maintained at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees C), because the limbs and the head are not protected by so many tissues of the trunk, so their temperature will be slightly different and may not reach 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit degree.
The human body has a control system that automatically responds and adjusts to maintain the body's temperature balance. There are three main factors affecting body temperature balance: heat production, heat loss, and evaporation. The rate of heat generation is determined by the difference between human body temperature and ambient temperature. However, the body is more likely to emit heat than heat, and sweating can help maintain body temperature balance. Sweating can dissipate heat as fast as it generates heat.
Shaking can cause the body to produce heat and it can also lead to fatigue, which in turn causes the body temperature to drop. The movement of air around the body will dissipate body heat. According to calculations, a person stands naked in a cold environment without cold winds. As long as he can try his best to tremble, he can keep his body temperature around the blood's freezing point so that he will not be frozen. But one cannot shake forever.
It is also calculated that a person rests in a cold environment and wears cold clothes that can be worn. It also keeps the body temperature above the freezing point. But if you don't want to continue to freeze like this, then he must be active or trembling.
Here are some injuries that may occur in a cold environment:
Cold temperature. The hypothermia occurs when the body temperature drops to 95 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit (35 to 25 degrees C), or hypothermia occurs when the temperature drops to the freezing point. In order to prevent hypothermia, activities that can lead to heat loss from the body should be avoided as much as possible.
Symptoms of hypothermia include slow movement, decreased physical coordination, and diminished judgment. If the patient's temperature falls below 77 degrees Fahrenheit (25 degrees Celsius), death is almost inevitable.
To cure hypothermia, the body of the patient must be warmed up again. If possible, the torso of the patient's body should be immersed in warm water at 100 to 110 degrees Fahrenheit (37.8 to 43.3 degrees Celsius).
WARNING: Placing the patient's entire body in warm water to allow the body temperature to rise can only be done in the hospital because it may cause the patient's heartbeat to stop or shock.
The quickest way to warm up the patient's body temperature is to warm water enema and directly inject warm water into the patient. Another way is to wrap the patient with another warm person in a warm sleeping bag. Both must be naked. If the patient is awake, give him hot sugar water. One of the best sources of calories is honey or glucose, and if there is no honey or glucose, use sugar, cocoa powder, or similar soluble sweeteners.
Warning: Do not force unconscious patients to drink water.
When treating hypothermia, there are two dangers: the temperature rises too quickly and the body temperature drops back. A rapid increase in body temperature can cause problems in the patient's blood circulation and eventually lead to heart failure. The drop in body temperature refers to the rapid drop in body temperature when the patient comes out of warm water. This happens because the blood starts to recirculate after the patient's temperature rises. The stagnant blood in the limbs returns to the trunk, causing the body temperature to fall again. Warming the trunk part of the body without stimulating peripheral blood circulation will reduce the effect of body temperature drop. If possible, put the patient's torso into hot water, which is the best treatment.
Frostbite. Frostbite is a result of damage caused by frozen tissue. Mild frostbite only affects the skin, and frostbite skin is dark and slightly white. Deep frostbite will extend to the tissues below the skin and the tissues will become hard and stiff. Feet, hands, and exposed faces are particularly prone to frostbite.
If you are with others, the best way to prevent frostbite is to help each other. Always check your partner's face and let your partner constantly check your face. If you are alone, you should use your gloved hand to cover the lower part of your nose and face from time to time.
If you lose consciousness, you have already suffered from frostbite. If the loss of consciousness is not long, then the frostbite may be mild, otherwise, it is assumed that the frostbite is a deep frostbite.
Figure 15-2 shows what to do and what to do when dealing with frostbite.
The refreezing of frostbite after thawing will result in more severe injuries, which cannot be handled by those who have not undergone specialized medical training.
War foot and foot sore. The disease is caused by exposure to moist conditions for a long time - hours or even days - at freezing temperatures. After this disease occurs, the feet become cold, swollen, and the appearance of waxy appearance. Walking difficulties, feeling heavy feet and numbness. Nerves and muscles are the main areas of damage, but gangrene may also develop. In severe cases, the muscles may become necrotic and the entire leg or leg may have to be removed. The best way to prevent this disease is to keep your feet dry. Bring spare socks and wrap them in a waterproof package. Wet socks can be placed on the body and dries slowly. Wash your feet daily and replace with dry socks.
Dehydration. In cold weather, wrapped in thick clothes, you may not be aware of the loss of water in your body, because your heavy clothes absorb moisture, which eventually evaporates into the air. You must drink water to supplement the lost moisture. In cold weather, your need for water is the same as in warm climates (see Chapter 3). One of the ways to check if you are dehydrated is to check the color of the urine on the snow. If urine makes the snow dark yellow, then you have begun to dehydrate, need to add water. If the snow is light yellow or colorless, then your body's moisture is in a normal equilibrium.
Low-temperature polyuria. Exposed to cold weather, urination will increase, which will also reduce your body's moisture and must be replenished in time.
Sunburn. Exposed skin may be sunburned even if the atmospheric temperature is below the freezing point. Sun shines on snow, ice, and water, and light reflects from all angles to sensitive skin: lips, nostrils, and eyelids. Under the same conditions of exposure to sunlight, high latitudes are more likely to cause sunburn than low latitudes. When you are exposed to sunlight, apply it to your face with sunscreen or lipstick.
Snow blindness. This is due to the eye disease caused by the bright sunlight shining on the ice and producing ultraviolet radiation. The symptoms of snow blindness are the feeling of sand in the eyes, pain in the eyes, increased eye movements, tearing, red eyes, headaches, etc., which continue to worsen with continued exposure to the sun. Prolonged exposure to such light can cause permanent eye damage. When treating snow blindness, wrap your eyes with gauze until the symptoms disappear.
You can also wear sunglasses to prevent snow blindness. If you don't have sunglasses, you can make a temporary pair: Cut two cracks in cardboard, wood, bark, or other available materials (Figure 15-3). Applying coal ash to the lower eyelids can also help reduce glare.
constipation. Cold constipation can be caused by delaying laxativeness, eating dehydrated food, drinking too little, and irregular eating habits. Although constipation will not affect your normal function, it will still make you uncomfortable. Increase water intake and drink at least 2 quarts (2.3 liters) of water per day. If possible, eat more fruits and other foods that help to relieve laxatives.
health
Although bathing is a bit unrealistic and uncomfortable in cold weather, you must do it. Bathing can prevent rashes, and rashes can cause more serious problems.
In some cases, you can wash your snow bath. Grab a snow and scrub the areas where your body's sweat is likely to accumulate, such as underarms, thighs, chest, back, etc., then wipe dry. If you cannot bathe, wipe these parts of your body regularly. If conditions permit, wash your feet daily and replace with clean socks. Change your underwear at least twice a week. If you can't clean your underwear, take it off, shake it a few times, and let it air for an hour or two.
If you are with a local Aboriginal or use a shelter you have used, you should check your body and clothes every night to see if there are any lice. If you find lice on your clothes, use insecticide to treat your clothes. If there is no insecticide powder, you can hang the clothes in the cold air, and then tap and wipe. This will remove the lice, but you will not be able to get rid of them.
Clothing and equipment
You must not only have enough clothes to prevent the cold, but you must also know how to make the best use of these clothes to keep warm. For example, you should wrap your head, and unprotected heads, necks, wrists, ankles, etc. will lose a lot of body heat.
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