At present, there are two major forest certification systems (FSC and ISO 14001) and two major regional systems (ie pan-European forest certification system and pan-African forest certification system), and more than 10 national forest certification systems. A brief introduction to the main forest certification system is now available.
In order to monitor the independence and openness of certification, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) was established in November 1993. The committee is composed of representatives from environmental protection organizations, timber trade associations, government forestry departments, local resident organizations, social forestry groups and timber product certification bodies from 50 countries. The headquarters is located in Oaxaca, the capital of Oaxaca, Mexico. . This is a relatively mature and complete forest certification system.
The FSC is an independent, not-for-profit NGO that promotes environmentally responsible, socially beneficial and economically viable forest management activities. Its main tasks are:
â—† Assess, authorize and supervise the certification body;
â—† Provide guidance and services for the development of national and regional certification standards;
â—† Improve national certification and sustainable forest management capabilities through education and training and the establishment of a national certification system.
organization
The composition of the FSC Management Committee balances the interests of society, the economy and the environment, as well as the balance between developing and developed countries. All members are divided into three groups: economic group, environmental group and social group. Each group represents 1/3, and each group has 50% of representatives from developing countries and developed countries. Members of the committee elect the board of directors, which consists of nine representatives representing social, environmental and economic interests, with an authorization committee, a technical committee and an arbitration committee. The FSC works through its secretariat in Mexico. In order to carry out regional activities and encourage local participation, the FSC encourages so-called national initiatives, including FSC liaisons (23 countries) and FSC country working groups (including Denmark, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Belgium, 10 countries in Bolivia and Sweden), FSC National Advisory Committee and FSC National and Regional Offices. One of their important responsibilities is to develop regional FSC standards.
System operation
FSC itself does not directly certify forests. It is a standards-setting body and certification authority that certifies forests by authorizing certification bodies. Authorization includes two aspects: forest management certification and chain of custody certification. The FSC Forest Certification is based on performance standards and is a voluntary process. After forest certification and chain of custody certification, forest products can be labeled with FSC trademarks and marks. Green markets need such trademarks to prove that forest products come from well-managed forests, which is the driving force behind the development of FSC certification. To some extent, organizations such as the WWF/WB Alliance and consumer groups have promoted demand for the label. Currently, a number of consumer groups are active in Europe, North America and Oceania, and countries such as France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy and Japan are also working to establish similar organizations.
Principle standard
In 1994, the FSC adopted FSC principles and standards, and was revised twice in 1999 and 2000. These principles and standards provide a framework or general standard for certified forest management for tropical, temperate and frigid forests, and some for plantations and partially replanted forests, but with different countries and regions. More detailed standards of the place. Approved FSC regional/national standards are those in Bolivia, the United Kingdom, Sweden, the Canadian Coastal Forests, and the Mississippi River Basin in the United States (see Appendix for details of FSC specific principles and standards).
The certification body has its own set of standards when reviewing forest management practices. These standards are in line with FSC principles and standards.
Certification body
As of June 2001, FSC has authorized 11 forest certification agencies:
(1) Scientific Certification Systems Forest Conservation Program (SCS);
(2) The US non-profit NGO Rainforest Alliance Smart Wood Program, referred to as SmartWood;
(3) The UK's non-profit NGO Soil Association Woodmark Scheme (SA);
(4) SGS Forestry Qualifor Program, referred to as SGS;
(5) BM TRADA certification in the UK;
(6) Canada's Silva Forest Foundation, referred to as SFF;
(7) Terra system of German agricultural technology consulting company, referred to as GFA;
(8) Italy's ICILA;
(9) South African Bureau for Standards (SABS);
(10) IMO in Switzerland;
(11) SKAL in the Netherlands.
In addition, six agencies in Canada, France, Italy, Mexico and the United Kingdom are applying for authorization. Each certification body has its own set of standards when reviewing forest management practices. These standards are in line with FSC principles and standards.
Certification profile
FSC certification is growing rapidly. As of May 31, 2001, 23.69 million hectares of forests in 325 forest management units in 46 countries have been certified by FSC-authorized certification bodies.
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Features â—† Initiated by NGOs, timber traders and manufacturers to certify forests through accredited certification bodies to promote good forest management; â—† All stakeholders make decision-making and share the balance of interests; â—† Equalize the rights of all parties to the environment, society and economy when formulating FSC principles and standards. Scope â—† Authorize certification bodies, develop standards, chain of custody and product labeling; â—† global; â—† All kinds of wood. Method â—† Evaluate FSC regional and national standards according to FSC principles and standards â—† Assess forest management performance based on FSC principles and standards and regional standards; â—† Certification includes requirements for the operating system; â—† Applicable to the level of forest management unit International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Features â—† Provide quality and environmental assurance systems, including ISO 14001 and ISO 14004 (1996) environmental management systems; â—† There are no specific standards for forest management; â—† It is a supplement to the certification system based on performance standards. Scope â—† Standardization (system standards) and certification; â—† No chain of custody and product labeling; â—† Global. Method â—† Certification based on system or process standards; application mechanism to establish environmental policies and objectives, and to ensure their implementation; â—† There are no forest management standards based on performance standards; â—† Applicable to the management of the organization and specific forest areas. Pan-European Forest Certification System (PEFC) Features â—† Private processes initiated by European forest owners; â—† Members of national government agencies make decisions and determine the authority to vote based on timber production capacity; â—† It was established to meet the needs of private forest owners in Europe; â—† Promote the economic, environmental and social benefits of forests as defined by the Helsinki Process. Scope â—† Standardization, chain of custody and labeling; â—† It is intended to serve as a framework for mutual recognition of forest certification systems in European countries; â—† Regional: Europe. Method â—† Evaluation of national standards and systems based on Helsinki-based certification standards; â—† Assessment of forest management based on pan-European standards and pan-European standards adopted by the country; â—† Different forest performance requirements at the national level; â—† Introduce the concept of "regional certification". Pan African Forest Certification System (PAFC) Characteristics â—† Initiated by the African Timber Organization of the Pan-African Timber Trade Organization, composed of 13 member states; â—† Develop standards for sustainable forest management that can be used as a basis for certification; â—† The certification system is incomplete and does not include the certification process and corresponding management. Scope â—† Standardization; â—† No clear certification process; â—† Regional: Africa. Methodology â—† Forest sustainable management standards including principles, standards and indicators for field testing in Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire and Gabon. Malaysian Wood Certification Board (MTCC) Features â—† Initiated by the government to develop and manage an independent third-party certification system in Malaysia; â—† A non-profit organization that is composed of representatives of various stakeholders and managed by the Trusteeship Council; â—† Work with FSC to ensure that Malaysia's standards and indicators comply with FSC principles and standards. Scope â—† Standardization, certification, chain of custody and product labeling; â—† Country: Malaysia. Method â—† Evaluate forest management performance based on “Malaysia Forest Management Standards and Indicators†based on ITTO standards and indicators; â—† Applicable to the level of forest management units. Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Features â—† It is a voluntary membership association that sets standards and implements certification; â—† A sustainable forest management system initiated by forest industry interest groups; â—† Includes the establishment of management systems (goals and strategies) and the identification of business objectives and specific performance targets based on Montreal process standards; â—† Ensure reasonable mechanisms for public participation in standard setting and local forest sustainable management values ​​and target positioning. Scope â—† Standardization and certification; â—† Country: Canada; â—† No label or chain of custody mechanism. Methodology â—† Evaluate the performance of forest management based on certification criteria based on national standards similar to the Montreal Process standards and 21 “key factorsâ€; â—† ISO 14001 as the system standard; â—† Applicable to specific forest management areas. US Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) Features â—† Initiated by the US Timber Industry Department; â—† initiated by the American Forestry and Paper Association and external experts; â—† A non-traditional certification system that provides a "quality management system"; â—† Conduct third-party audits and self-assessment is also recognized; â—† Manage standards and certification programs by the Multi-Stakeholder Council. Scope â—† Develop "sustainable forestry principles", "guidelines" and "performance tests (standards)" as a framework for continuous improvement of environmental performance; â—† Mechanisms without a chain of custody and product labeling; â—† Country: United States and Canada. Methodology â—† Initially based on “system†certification, assessing environmental improvements in accordance with the sustainable forestry initiative of the Sustainable Forestry Initiative to achieve the ultimate goal of sustainable forest management; â—† Includes performance testing, in line with the Montreal process; â—† Applicable to the management of the organization and specific forest areas. Indonesian Ecolabel Research Institute (LEI) Features â—† Initiated by a working group led by the former Minister of Environment of Indonesia; â—† Develop and implement a certification system through a “multi-stakeholder processâ€; â—† Cooperate with FSC to achieve the goal of “mutual recognitionâ€. Scope â—† Authorized certification bodies, development and maintenance of certification systems (including standardization) and a certification inspection committee (disposal of disputes); â—† The mechanism of product labeling; â—† Country: Indonesia. Method â—† Foundation for system development and certification: standards and indicators for the Indonesian Ecolabel Institute; â—† The purpose of the standards and indicators is to integrate the ISO14000 system requirements with the performance requirements of the FSC and ITTO. Bolivian Voluntary Forest Certification Board (CFV) Features â—† Non-official institutions responsible for establishing and monitoring forest management systems; â—† Project of the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Environment, funded by the United States and involved in the local interest, initiated by the Bolivian Forest Sustainable Management Project; â—† Work with FSC as an FSC national initiative. Scope â—† Standardization, certification, chain of custody and product labeling; â—† Country: Bolivia. Method â—† Assess forest management performance based on FSC-approved national standards developed by the Bolivian Voluntary Forest Certification Board; â—† Applicable to the level of forest management units. Introduction to the Forest Stewardship Council Certification System
In order to monitor the independence and openness of certification, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) was established in November 1993. The committee is composed of representatives from environmental protection organizations, timber trade associations, government forestry departments, local resident organizations, social forestry groups and timber product certification bodies from 50 countries. The headquarters is located in Oaxaca, the capital of Oaxaca, Mexico. . This is a relatively mature and complete forest certification system.
The FSC is an independent, not-for-profit NGO that promotes environmentally responsible, socially beneficial and economically viable forest management activities. Its main tasks are:
â—† Assess, authorize and supervise the certification body;
â—† Provide guidance and services for the development of national and regional certification standards;
â—† Improve national certification and sustainable forest management capabilities through education and training and the establishment of a national certification system.
organization
The composition of the FSC Management Committee balances the interests of society, the economy and the environment, as well as the balance between developing and developed countries. All members are divided into three groups: economic group, environmental group and social group. Each group represents 1/3, and each group has 50% of representatives from developing countries and developed countries. Members of the committee elect the board of directors, which consists of nine representatives representing social, environmental and economic interests, with an authorization committee, a technical committee and an arbitration committee. The FSC works through its secretariat in Mexico. In order to carry out regional activities and encourage local participation, the FSC encourages so-called national initiatives, including FSC liaisons (23 countries) and FSC country working groups (including Denmark, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Belgium, 10 countries in Bolivia and Sweden), FSC National Advisory Committee and FSC National and Regional Offices. One of their important responsibilities is to develop regional FSC standards.
System operation
FSC itself does not directly certify forests. It is a standards-setting body and certification authority that certifies forests by authorizing certification bodies. Authorization includes two aspects: forest management certification and chain of custody certification. The FSC Forest Certification is based on performance standards and is a voluntary process. After forest certification and chain of custody certification, forest products can be labeled with FSC trademarks and marks. Green markets need such trademarks to prove that forest products come from well-managed forests, which is the driving force behind the development of FSC certification. To some extent, organizations such as the WWF/WB Alliance and consumer groups have promoted demand for the label. Currently, a number of consumer groups are active in Europe, North America and Oceania, and countries such as France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy and Japan are also working to establish similar organizations.
Principle standard
In 1994, the FSC adopted FSC principles and standards, and was revised twice in 1999 and 2000. These principles and standards provide a framework or general standard for certified forest management for tropical, temperate and frigid forests, and some for plantations and partially replanted forests, but with different countries and regions. More detailed standards of the place. Approved FSC regional/national standards are those in Bolivia, the United Kingdom, Sweden, the Canadian Coastal Forests, and the Mississippi River Basin in the United States (see Appendix for details of FSC specific principles and standards).
The certification body has its own set of standards when reviewing forest management practices. These standards are in line with FSC principles and standards.
Certification body
As of June 2001, FSC has authorized 11 forest certification agencies:
(1) Scientific Certification Systems Forest Conservation Program (SCS);
(2) The US non-profit NGO Rainforest Alliance Smart Wood Program, referred to as SmartWood;
(3) The UK's non-profit NGO Soil Association Woodmark Scheme (SA);
(4) SGS Forestry Qualifor Program, referred to as SGS;
(5) BM TRADA certification in the UK;
(6) Canada's Silva Forest Foundation, referred to as SFF;
(7) Terra system of German agricultural technology consulting company, referred to as GFA;
(8) Italy's ICILA;
(9) South African Bureau for Standards (SABS);
(10) IMO in Switzerland;
(11) SKAL in the Netherlands.
In addition, six agencies in Canada, France, Italy, Mexico and the United Kingdom are applying for authorization. Each certification body has its own set of standards when reviewing forest management practices. These standards are in line with FSC principles and standards.
Certification profile
FSC certification is growing rapidly. As of May 31, 2001, 23.69 million hectares of forests in 325 forest management units in 46 countries have been certified by FSC-authorized certification bodies.
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