The restoration of ancient furniture combines classical traditional culture, traditional crafts and modern science and technology. It is a technical and artistic work. The types of old furniture are different and the repair methods are different. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively master various aspects of knowledge and combine science. The measures are flexible.
Natural factors of damage to old furniture
Natural factors that cause damage to old furniture include temperature, humidity, ultraviolet light, infrared light, harmful gases, mold, and pests.
When the room temperature exceeds 30 ° C and the relative humidity is higher than 70%, it is high temperature and high humidity. At this time, it is easy to breed mold, pests, etc., and accelerates the growth and reproduction speed, accelerates the erosion and pollution of ancient furniture, and various chemical reaction speeds. It will also be exacerbated by the high temperature and high humidity environment, which will accelerate various corrosion processes. In addition, the change of temperature and humidity will cause the swelling and shrinkage of the wood, resulting in cracking or deformation of the old wooden furniture.
Sunlight has a detrimental effect on the home. Infrared light causes the surface temperature of the furniture to rise and the humidity to drop, causing warping and brittle cracking. Ultraviolet rays can damage the paint film and fading and falling off. At the same time, ultraviolet rays also damage the wood fiber structure and reduce mechanical strength. .
Harmful gases that damage old furniture mainly include ozone (Q), sulfur dioxide (SQ2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitrogen oxides (NOX), chlorine (Cl2), and the like.
Because wood is a natural polymer composite material with moderate hardness and nutrient-rich, wooden furniture is vulnerable to various fungi and insects. The fungi causing damage to wood defects are mainly wood rot fungi, soft rot fungi, mold or bacteria. Insects that endanger old furniture wood mainly include long carp, whitefly and certain kinds of longhorn and termites.
Principles for repairing old furniture
Before repairing, we must first distinguish the types of old furniture, according to different types, according to different principles to repair. For example, fine antique furniture with high cultural value or historical value should be strictly adhered to the principle of “repairing as it is†and “repairing old as oldâ€; for the folk furniture, the old furniture made of more expensive materials, or the number of handed down Larger ordinary firewood furniture can be used for “preservation†and “skinning†according to different situations (ie, the old furniture is stripped after the paint is removed for easy handling, the color and wood effect of the old furniture is preserved) or “refurbishedâ€. .
In short, the repair of old furniture, should be familiar with the background of the furniture, material properties, enamel structure, enamel decoration, etc., as much as possible to maintain the same materials, form features, production techniques, structural features. At the same time, it is necessary to follow the principle of reversibility of antiquities repair, that is, it should be able to return to its original state when the repair fails. This requires that the nails and chemical adhesives are not used or minimized during the repair, so as not to damage the characteristics of the ancient furniture, which is easy to disassemble.
Traditional tools for repairing old furniture
1, woodworking tools
Traditional woodworking tools used in the restoration of old furniture are roughly classified into measuring tools, sawing tools, planing tools, and chiseling tools. Commonly used measuring tools include folding ruler, ruler, triangle ruler, ink fountain, scribing knife, compass and so on. Commonly used saws for woodworking are frame saws and saws. The planer can be divided into long planer, middle planer, short planer, line planer and planer according to the length and use of the planer. In the production of classical furniture, various forms of chisels are used for opening eyes and carvings. Commonly used are flat chisel, round chisel, flat chisel, and oblique. In addition, tools such as drills, axes, hammers, and rafts are commonly used in woodworking.
2, 髹 decoration tools
There are mainly paint scraping, paint brush, compass, pen and so on. Paint scraping is mainly used to adjust paint, color paint, paint, etc., divided into large, medium and small. The paint brush is a special brush for painting. The material is ponytail, oxtail, piglet, human hair, etc. It is made by human hair. The cylinder is mainly used for dusting. It is usually made of goose feather tube. The ends are cut into oblique grooves, one end is covered with fine enamel, and the other end is filled with gold and silver powder. The pen is “sweeping pen†and is made with sheep. The big one is used to sweep dust, and the small one is to sweep gold and silver fine powder.
Process for repairing old furniture
An old piece of furniture, especially expensive old furniture, has dozens of procedures and strict quality inspections from entering the factory to completing the restoration. The repair process of different factories will be different, but it is generally subject to preparation, woodworking, engraving, painting, assembly, inspection and other processing.
â—†Preparation before repair
The record first photographs the old furniture and describes the text to record the damage and damage of the furniture.
The repair plan is based on the degree of damage of the furniture, the preparation of a complete repair plan, the development of relevant technical standards, filling out the process flow sheet.
Disassemble and carefully observe the furniture structure, mark the serial number on different parts of the furniture (for later installation), and disassemble the furniture in the reverse order of assembly with the original furniture. Care should be taken to maintain the integrity of the furniture during disassembly, to avoid damage to the paint film (special attention to keep the workpiece) or to create new damage.
Paint stripping (except for old-fashioned workpieces) After cleaning the furniture, if it is refurbished, different methods can be used to remove the paint film of the old furniture. Wash the furniture parts with hot water so as to clean the stains such as glue and mud from the sputum. If the cleaning is not clean, the firmness after repair will be affected.
Woodworking
Select the material to observe the degree of wood and damage of the furniture itself, and select the old material of the same quality and same color wood. In special cases, we should try to use wood flower spinning, material with similar muscle weight and light color.
According to the processing requirements and the force of each part of the furniture, the ingredients are reasonably compounded, requiring no cracks, no smashing, no rot, and ensuring the consistency of the strength and appearance of the furniture.
Processing according to the quality and technical requirements of furniture parts, processing selected materials, such as processing various forms of open structure, drilling, drilling, profile surface processing.
The pre-assembly of the parts after the trimming of each part is carried out, and the parts of the original appearance and the frame structure are kept strictly and reasonably.
â—† Engraving the carving techniques commonly used in Chinese ancient furniture, such as wire carving, relief carving, and openwork carving. In operation, it is divided into artwork design, flower arrangement, blanking, and polishing.
â—†Grinding and polishing is divided into wood surface finishing and paint surface finishing, which is one of the most important processes in restoration. Under normal circumstances, the grinding time is basically the same as the processing time, so as to ensure that the finish and feel of the accessories are basically the same as the furniture. The surface of the wooden parts has been trimmed. In the past, the traditional grinding and grinding stone was used. After polishing, the knife was trimmed with a knife, and then the wooden tire was poured with boiling water to expose the pores of the wooden tire, so that the polishing was smooth. Now you can use different numbers of sandpaper for sanding according to the principle of coarse and fine.
The polishing of furniture paint film, in the past the use of sand leaves and Equisetum, can now be polished with high number (above 800) sandpaper. The thick tung paint surface needs to be polished with a blowtorch to paint the surface, and the thinner paint film can be treated with a doctor blade. The overall requirement for lacquer finish is to leave no dead ends, no oil, and uniform color.
â—†The decoration of traditional furniture includes lacquering, material selection, scraping, color matching, enamelling and so on. It is usually polished, colored, polished, lacquered, lacquered, and waxed. Under normal circumstances, after a hardwood furniture is painted in the first coat, it is necessary to apply four or five coats of paint. The last two colors, enamel paint and lacquer paint need eight to ten, depending on the quality of the wood, wood. The number of good top and lacquer finishes can be reduced appropriately.
â—†The assembly of the assembled furniture mainly includes the installation of metal parts, the assembly of furniture parts, and the final assembly. The general assembly should be reasonably assembled according to the original structure of the furniture, so that the structure is tight, the frame is straight, no glue marks, the surface is smooth, and the four feet are balanced.
â—†Inspection In the whole repair process, each process shall be inspected according to the corresponding quality and technical standards. After the final finished product has undergone strict and comprehensive quality inspection, the qualified finished product will be put into the warehouse or delivered to the user.
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