Environmental protection and greening seeking for design in the integration of packaging and environment

2. Edible packaging materials

Mainly used for food and medicine packaging, using starch, protein, plant fiber and other natural materials as raw materials. The packaging is harmless to the human body, edible and has a certain strength. For example, ice cream cups, drug capsules, and the like have been used. Currently, mature starch casings and starch dishes have been developed and are being expanded in application.

3, natural biological packaging materials

The use of natural biological resources to develop packaging materials has the characteristics of low environmental load and abundant resources. Making full use of bamboo, sawdust, hemp, cotton fabrics, wicker, reeds, crop straws, rice straw, wheat straw, and other raw materials, expanding the variety of packages, and increasing the technological content have become one of the directions for the environmental protection of packaging. For a long time, people have accepted baskets, bottles and other packaging, but due to the diversification of packaging materials and natural bio-materials packaging production technology has stagnated, gradually shrinking. In recent years, due to the improvement of people's environmental awareness, natural bio-packaging materials have been re-emphasized at home and abroad, for example, polystyrene foam meal box substitutes for domestically developed crop straws and rice straws. Puye has been favored by foreign importers for its heat setting, bleaching and sterilization.

4, paper packaging

Paper packaging has the following unique advantages.

(1) Wide range of raw materials, easy mass production, low production costs, and recycled paper;

(2) Small density, convenient transportation and convenient use;

(3) Good processing performance, excellent folding property, easy molding, and various sealing methods;

(4) Good printability, easy to absorb ink and paint;

(5) can be made with plastic film, aluminum foil and other materials composite packaging;

(6) Paper packaging still tops the world in packaging materials. China's forest resources are poor, so we should actively develop non-wood pulp and paper, use reeds, sugarcane bagasse, cotton stalks, wheat straw, bamboo and other substitute wood papermaking to expand the source of raw materials. In addition, through the development of new pulp reinforcements and improved corrugated board structures, the paper strength is increased and the board thickness is reduced to achieve reduction.

Fourth, recycling of packaging materials

Compared with the recycling of waste after use, the industrial waste in the packaging plant has a clear source of occurrence, the variety and quantity are easy to grasp, and the impurities are rarely mixed. Therefore, the most effective recycling method can be performed. That is, "closed system" recycling.

Recycling of plastic molding and wire type inner and joint type. The in-line type is the mixing ratio of the recycled material depending on the product in the production line, and the recycling material is recycled. The combined type is to treat the waste in a centralized manner, and the mixing ratio of the recycled raw materials can be set freely. However, there are many opportunities for foreign materials and other types of plastics to participate in the mixing.

Glass, metal and paper packaging products factories can return to raw materials for reuse. Wastes that cannot be recycled in plastic packaging are mostly composite packaging wastes that can be burned or landfilled. In recent years, due to advances in small-scale thermal decomposition gasifiers, combustion furnaces, and small-scale power generation equipment, there has been an increase in the use of waste combustion to recover heat energy.

The following aspects should be used for the recycling of waste after use.

1, the recovery of glass containers

A large number of beer bottles, bottles, coke bottles and beverage bottles are used, followed by various medicine bottles. The recycling of beer bottles is an example of the successful recycling of wastes. There are mainly reasonable recycling mechanisms and consumers are well aware. Medicinal bottles are usually mixed into municipal waste. Shaped bottles and less productive glass containers have low recoveries. Glass bottles that cannot be reused can be used as glass materials instead of silica sand, limestone, and soda ash. Its advantages are as follows:

(1) Save energy. A 10% increase in the amount of waste glass used in glass production can save about 3% of energy.

(2) Save raw materials and reduce pollution. The consumption of 1.2 tons of raw materials per 1 ton of waste glass can be calculated, and the energy consumption of 100 kg of oil or its equivalent can be saved from the exploitation, processing, packaging and transportation of raw materials. In addition, the exhaust gas and dust emissions of the melting furnace can also be reduced.

The recycled waste glass containers are re-melted and used, and the recycled materials are processed and separated to separate colored glass, hard glass, iron, heavy metals and ceramics, in order to achieve the bottle quality requirements. Separation of waste glass and foreign matter is difficult to adopt conventional methods. Magnetic separation can remove magnetic materials. After crushing and wind sorting machine, it can reach to 28 glass powder with a content of 90%.

2. Recycling of paper packaging

The larger paper packaging used for packaging cardboard and packaging cardboard, China's old corrugated paper has a stable recovery mechanism, basically can be recycled, but overall still lags behind developed countries. The recycling of paperboard, general paper bags and wrapping paper can be handled by ordinary paper recycling methods, but softening, dispersion, filtration, and centrifugation are required to remove the bound iron, glue and other foreign materials. Different from the new paste, the printing ink is emulsified and decomposed with a surfactant.

3, plastic packaging recycling

(1) Promote reusable containers. Reuse of containers is the best way to recycle plastic containers. Environmental loads are low. Waste plastic waste can be reduced and costs reduced. Countries and large companies are actively working to implement them. At present, the reuse of large-scale plastic containers for industrial liquid raw materials or some liquid products has been adopted by industrial and commercial sectors. Beverage containers and other liquid merchandise containers, especially container wrappers with large turnover, through the formulation of standard bottles, containers for large-scale, signification, functionalization, development of sterilization and washing technologies, and establishment of effective recovery mechanisms (such as universal recycling outlets, deposit systems, etc.) ) Such measures can be reused.

(2) Marking. Plastic packaging is characterized by many varieties and similar appearance, which brings difficulties for recycling. Marking can facilitate classification, simplify processing and costs. At present, there are plastic type identification marks of the American Plastics Industry Association (SPI), which are concise and easy to recognize and are recognized by enterprises and consumers. Germany established the DIN-1220 recycling mark in 1991.

(3) Plastic packaging material recycling technology. According to the implementation experience of the German and Japanese packaging recycling law, the recycling has always been prioritized for material recovery. Because it is a low-entropy treatment, it is subject to technical and economic constraints. Material recycling must be classified and recycled, and the quality of recycled products is low. With the maturity of the recycling mechanism and technological progress, the cost will be reduced and the proportion of materials recovered will increase. Chemical recovery is limited to individual varieties, PS, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) pyrolysis recovery monomer, PET, nylon hydrolysis recovery monomer, currently mainly achieved economic rationality. The thermal oil vaporization of plastic packaging material, which can handle mixed plastic waste, is an ideal treatment method, but the price of recovered oil and gas is still higher than the price of crude oil. Economically more favorable than pyrolysis is that it can be used as a reductant and heat source for blast furnaces. The choice of various recycling methods is inseparable from the economic rationality and technological advancement. To promote the recycling of packaging waste, some countries have formulated social systems to share the economic policies of recycling.

4, recycling of metal packaging

China's industrial and commercial large-scale packaging steel barrels, aluminum barrels and aluminum metathesis tanks are basically recovered due to high salvage value. The large barrels are mainly reused, and the aluminum metathesis tanks have reached 8 billion in 2000 and consumed. With 200,000 tons of aluminum, subject to the recycling mechanism, sorting and smelting technology, the recycled aluminum process is at the primary level, and can only be made into other low-value aluminum products after melting. The metal recovery rate is only 70% to 80%. At present, China's annual alumina consumption of 1/3 to 1/2 depends on imports. Considering aluminum's good reproducibility, saving resources, energy, and reducing environmental load, it is necessary to further increase the level of aluminum recycling. Whether it is the United States, which has a large aluminum production capacity, or Japan, which lacks resources, it attaches great importance to aluminum recycling.

V. Recycling of foreign packaging materials

Europe first issued the "Regulations on Packaging Management" in Germany and entered into force in 1991. The relevant manufacturers and distributors established the "Dual Waste Disposal System". The operation of this system has received noticeable results from 1991. By 1995, the consumption of packaging materials decreased by 12%. However, before 1991, consumption has been rising. At the same time, the recycling ratio of waste packaging has also been greatly improved.

After sorting, plastics are pelletized separately as raw materials for recycled plastic products, and mixed plastics are used as reducing agents for blast furnaces. Germany's "Regulations on Packaging Management" was substantially revised in 1998 and its name was changed to "Avoiding and Recycling of Packaging Wastes", which is stipulated as follows.

(1) Priority, Control Source> Utilization (Reuse, Recycling)> Processing;

(2) Recognizes that heat recovery plastics are included in the recycling process;

(3) Plastic recycling rate is above 60% from 1999;

(4) The material recycling rate reaches 60% (ie 36% of the total recycling capacity).

Germany's operating experience has aroused widespread attention around the world. In 1994, the "European packaging guide" was promoted and became effective in the second half of 1996.

Japan formulated the "Container Packaging Recycling Law" in 1995. In 1997, it implemented the recycling of iron and aluminum cans, glass bottles, beverage cartons, and PET bottles. In April 2000, it expanded to include all containers including cardboard boxes. Paper containers and other types of plastic containers. The plastic packaging is re-commercialized according to the requirements of the recycling method. The main methods include the recycling of materials, the recycling of PET bottles, the recycling of food containers, and so on. In addition, the use of chemical methods for recycling, through the waste plastic high-temperature heat Decomposition, decomposition into oil, gas as a chemical raw material or fuel, has been built in 1996, can be used directly as a reductant blast furnace, used in coke oven carbon substitute installation device is also under construction. Currently directly used as fuel, recycling of energy is not considered to be re-commodification.

The Dutch SVM organization is composed of 200 packaging companies, including packaging materials production, sales, beverage cans and recycling and other departments. In 1993, 28 packaging production and sales companies in the United Kingdom formed a production responsibility industrial group. Since the establishment of this organization has improved the recycling system.