The research and development of e-paper and e-ink have been over 20 years. In the 1970s, Japan ’s Matsushita Corporation first published the electrophoretic display technology, and Xerox also began research at the time. However, due to the shortcomings of short display life, instability, and difficulty in coloring, the general electrophoresis was initially studied. Interrupt. At the end of the 20th century, American E-Ink (which was established by Lucent, Motorola, and several venture capital companies in 1997 to develop electronic paper) invented electrophoretic ink (also known as electronic ink) using electrophoretic technology, which greatly Promote the development of this technology. At present, Xerox, Kodak, 3M, Toshiba, Motorola, Canon, Epson, Ricoh, IBM and other well-known international companies are all involved in electronic paper.
The research and development of electronic paper and electronic ink can be basically divided into:
· In 1975, Nick Sheridon, a PARC researcher at Xerox, pioneered the concept of electronic paper and electronic ink.
· In April 1996, Bell Laboratories of MIT successfully manufactured a prototype of electronic paper.
· In April 1997, E-Ink was established, and made every effort to commercialize electronic paper. In May 1999, E-Ink launched an electronic paper called Immedia for outdoor advertising.
· In November 2000, E-Ink and Lucent Technologies of the United States officially announced that they had successfully developed the first rollable electronic paper and electronic ink.
· In May 2001, E-Ink cooperated with ToppanPrinting and announced the use of Toppan's filter technology to produce color electronic paper.
· In June 2001, E-Ink announced the launch of "Ink-h-Motion" technology, which can display moving images on electronic paper. At the same time, Macy, a large department store in the United States, announced that SmartPaper is used for in-store billboards.
· The first color electronic paper appeared at the Tokyo International Book Fair held in March 2002.
IBM launches "electronic newspaper"
Maybe you didn't realize that "e-paper" has broken into people's lives for many years. For example, the mobile phone SIM card and subway magnetic card are the specific manifestations of two kinds of electronic paper-they can be recorded into data, and can be repeatedly erased and read. In terms of the most basic characteristics, they are no different from traditional paper. In fact, the initial germination of electronic paper came for the purpose of replacing traditional paper.
Around 1999, IBM exhibited an "electronic newspaper" model (title and figure 1) at the largest newspaper exhibition in the United States. Technically, it is an "electronic matrix", which is not much different from the LCD display principle. In this model of IBM, an electronic display layer is embedded in the middle of the reading splint. With the pre-entered content, users can read various text and picture information through this electronic display layer.
IBM's invention attracted the attention of all walks of life, and many editors of American newspapers showed great interest in it. Among them, "New York Times" and "Washington Post", etc., and "electronic reading" is considered to have "epoch-making" significance to the publishing industry such as newspapers, books, etc., because it saves printing costs, can be recycled, and shortens news In terms of publishing time, the electronic newspaper has a revolutionary improvement-"You can read any newspaper anywhere in the world or only read the topics you are interested in, and the downloaded content will remain as fresh as the news broadcast on radio and TV." . As the strategic design manager of IBM and the core R & D staff of the "electronic newspaper" model, Robert Steinbugler commented on his proud work. In recognition of this idea proposed by IBM, "Business Weekly" specially awarded it the design gold medal of the year.
The first e-book comes out
Although the "electronic newspaper" has many benefits, unfortunately, due to the limitations of network conditions at that time, IBM's "electronic newspaper" model did not really enter the commercial operation. However, this design idea has been retained. After this, companies represented by IBM, Eink, Philips, SiPix, Fujitsu, Siemens, and Ntera are all focusing on this field (Figure 2), hoping that when the time is ripe, their products can get the most customers in the first time. Recognize, and seize market opportunities. Harald Ritter, an expert from Ifra, an international newspaper and media printing organization, highly praised the behavior of so many companies keen to study e-paper technology.
With diligence and diligence, the tireless efforts finally yielded fruitful results. In 2004, the world's "first" practical commercial e-book, which was provided by Eink and Philips with technical support and produced by Sony, was a sensation in the entire IT industry. Sony's e-book is named LIBRIe, priced at 40,000 yen. Its length is 190 mm, width 126 mm, the thinnest place is only 9.5 mm thick, weight is 190 grams, anti-reflective display reaches 4 levels of gray and 800 × 600 resolution standard, with 10MB of storage space (approximately capable of displaying (Up to 10,000 pages), powered by 2 AAA batteries, and supports Sony memory sticks. In order to prevent LIBRIe from becoming an "air castle", Sony has specially opened Timebook Town rental service for it.
LIBRIe's headshot made scientists realize that the application environment of electronic paper products has matured. So after this, Japanese electronics companies such as Sharp, Toshiba, Panasonic, Hitachi and Fujitsu followed suit (Figure 4). In just one year, e-book products suddenly blossomed everywhere. In terms of technology, e-paper has also changed the previous defects of low contrast, can only display black and white text, etc. Using electrophoresis and other technologies, there can be display of color comics, low power consumption, large area, and no font deformation or image after folding Paper-like products (Figure 5).
As an example, Fujitsu's "World Premiere" on July 13 with image memory and flexible color electronic paper is a typical representative. The thickness of this "paper" is only 0.8 mm, and it can be used for huge posters, advertising information on train stations or buildings, and small digital (such as mobile phone screens, etc.). At the end of July, Hitachi then released the world's largest electronic paper, with a size of 27 × 20 cm, which is comparable to the “viewable area†of a 15-inch CRT display. It is reported that Hitachi's "e-paper" will enter commercial use in 2006 (Figure 6).
Electronic paper fully enters life
What surprises people a bit is that once the technology and application of e-paper have been broken, its momentum has become a prairie state-not only can it be seen on the legitimate carriers of newspapers, books, computers and monitors, in some Where people didn't think of it, e-paper also appeared in a grand manner, and showed its fresh, practical and interesting appearance.
Since electronic paper is actually an IC chip, it can be used as the watch core of an electronic watch. At the BaselWorld 2005 watch and jewelry exhibition held in Switzerland this year, Seiko EPSON exhibited such an enviable product-the entire watch is like a thin paper that can be closely attached to the wrist On the skin, and can change beautiful patterns. In addition, because the softness of electronic paper is getting better and better, the military of some EU countries has begun to consider using it to make military maps. Compared with traditional paper maps, electronic maps are not only more robust and durable, but also the electronic characteristics enable it to achieve the effects of input refresh, storage, recording, and even multimedia.
In the recent speculation of RFID applications, e-paper also played a key role. For example, the birth of an electronic ticket that combines the two has a high chance of exposure recently. The RFID tickets made of electronic paper can be seen at the Global Environmental Protection Conference held in Japan and the Auto Show held in Beijing, China in the past year or two. In addition, the combination of electronic paper and RFID is also reflected in medical treatment-as a Swedish company that has developed RFID lottery and RFID paper computer, Cypak recently launched an electronic medical record card and electronic paper supporting it Packaging pills. By “printing†the medication time and dosage information on the paper in advance, the buzzer buried in the “paper†will remind the patient or nurse regularly.
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