Masha carving printing industry during the heyday of the Southern Song Dynasty

Jianyang Masha was famous in the Northern Song Dynasty as an edition of the carved print edition (namely Masha edition book). It was once one of the nation's three major printing centers and was hailed as the "book of the government." According to records, the ancient books of Masha were not only sold well throughout the country, but also exported to countries such as Japan and North Korea, playing an important role in promoting Chinese-foreign cultural exchanges.

Masha engraving printing is a more advanced printing method in ancient times. It started in the middle period of the Tang Dynasty and reached Dasheng in the Song Dynasty. The engravings of the Song Dynasty were selected by the hand-written calligraphers. The fonts were beautiful and the school was carved, which was precious for later generations. "Song edition" is divided into official magazines, family magazines (also known as private journals), and periodicals (that is, folk journals). After the first year of the Northern Song Dynasty Xining (AD 1068), the court lifted the ban on private engraving. Promoting the development of the printing industry at that time, until the Southern Song Dynasty, Linan (Zheben), Chengdu (Suiben), Fujian Masha (Jianben, also known as "Mashaben") were large-scale printing centers in China. Just like the Song Dynasty Scholar Zhu Mu in the "Fang Shu Sheng Sheng" a book said: "Jianning Masha, Chonghua two square production book, No. is the house of the world's books."

During the millennium and Southern Song Dynasty, the development of the Masha carving book industry and the book publishing industry can be described as parallels. Masha and Chonghua are the same regardless of scale or quantity. According to Zhu Fangmu's "Fang Yu Sheng Sheng Lan," he said: "Masha Chonghua Two Squares produced a book, and the number is the house of books." At that time, the Masha engraving workshop was mainly distributed in Masha Shuinan, Changping and other places. Famous people include Mashawan Hall, Masha Liu Zhongli, Masha Liu Zhiming, and Masha Liu Shifang. In the engraved book, there are "Masha Water South Liu Zhongji House" and "Ma Sha Nan Zhai Qian Li". In the construction of the book, many questions such as "Ma Shafang inscribed edition", "Song Sha Sha edition", "Ma Sha small script", "Ma Sha magazine box" and so on. Since the books of the Book Square Engraving, whether by land or by water, must travel through Masha, Ma Sha in addition to the real estate book, bookstore books are also more in this marketing, which naturally forms the book collection and distribution center. Therefore, the publishing industry has often referred to the "establishment" as "Mashaben" rather than "Chonghuan".

Masha and Chonghua were located in Shushu in the Southern Song Dynasty. The "Sanguitang" bookshop of Masha only has 14 history editors, 16 printing workers, and more than 100 employees. Among them, private houses are best-known for their engravings. At the time, Masan, a private carving workshop in the Song Dynasty, accounted for more than 80%.

There are many types of Masha, including a wide range of printed books. There are "Book of Changes", "Book", "Mao Poetry", "Zhou Li", "Book of Rites", "Spring and Autumn Three Biography", "The Analects of Confucius", "Mencius" and other ten classics. , (known as the three lines of this). There are also the famous scholars of the Song Dynasty, Liu Pingshan’s Collected Works, as well as Liu Xi’s “Qing Yun Ji” and “The Analects of Falun Dafa”. At the same time, they also published such encyclopedias and articles as “The Home Must Use” and “Shi Lin Guang Ji”. This book and fiction are intended to attract readers, thus continuously expanding the circulation. According to the incomplete statistics of Zhou Hongzu's "Ancient and Modern Book Engravings": Jianyang Engraved Books had reached 366 species in the Ming Dynasty. Sui Qingren Chen Shouqi said: “Jian'an and Masha’s moments were celebrated in the Song Dynasty, and as yet unclear, four giant skeletons, (referring to the four-stringed bound-lined book), from the mystic plaque (that is, carved plaque) to the four directions , cover ten or fifty-six. "This is enough to show that "Mashaben" accounted for a large proportion of sales at that time. Ming Jiajing's "Jianyang County Chronicle" has recorded 483 kinds of carved books for the Jianyang Book Square. In the "Kingyang County Chronicle" of Qing Emperor Kangxi, 147 books were recorded in the Jianyang Book. In spite of the different statistics mentioned above, in fact, there are many books written in Jianyang Masha. From Jiajing to Ming Baiyi, countless books, novels, and miscellaneous books were made. The number of carved books has greatly exceeded the total number of records mentioned above. Otherwise, it has always been known as the “Masha Nai Book House”.

According to the statistics of “China’s Ancient Books, Good Books”, books of ancient “construction books” were listed as rare books of state-level ancient books. There were 480 kinds of history books, 505 sub-categories, 304 books, and 8 books A total of nearly 1,500 species.

It is reported that: July 10, 2011, Southern Song Dynasty Masha Town, South Liu Shilong house carved book - "Song Song Guangyun five volumes" in the Beijing International Hotel Convention Center opened the auction, actually sold for astronomical price of 33.3 million yuan, showing Masha " "The cost of building this" is high!

Congenital Strength Casting Brilliant Ma Sha The reason why it could become an engraved printing center, apart from the fact that it is far from war, is that the land has the wood resources needed for engraving. During the Song Dynasty, there were six kinds of pears, pears, pears, winter pears, early pears, iron pears, and wooden pears. These woods were all good materials for the engraving of the year. If the red pear wood is flexible, it is suitable for engraving fine lines and textures, and if the mistakes occur, it is very convenient to dig out and correct. The white pears are soft and woody, and they are suitable for the publication of books published by the emergency publishing. In the engraving production process, the engraver first writes the words on a smooth pear wood board, draws the pictures, and then meticulously sculpts them with a knife. Their swordsmanship is skillful, rigorous, and meticulous. . Bamboo-rich paper is produced near Masha, and its quality is tough. It is also a good paper for printing. The Ming Dynasty monk said in the book “The Eight Opinions for Compliance”: “The book of the Song Dynasty, the paper is strong and soft, and the words and paintings are written. The unilateral use of the text is thin with ink, although wet, dry and smokeless, Open a book of scholarship, self-inflicted." "Ma Shaben" is just like this and is favored by readers. Because of the exquisite books printed by "Mashaben," they have been welcomed by people from home and abroad. They are sold all over the country, including Kaifeng, Luoyang and Wuchang, and North Korea and Japan. According to reports, Japan and other countries have not only purchased books in Masha, but they have also sent people to Masha to recruit carvings to Japan for carving books. This shows that "Mashaben" has played an extremely important role in promoting and developing cultural exchanges.

During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Masha suffered two major fires, which destroyed many books and caused serious damage. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Masha printing industry gradually declined. According to "Jianyang County Chronicle" records. "Masha, Book Square was destroyed in the first quarter, but Chonghua was alive."

After the founding of the People's Republic, in order to discover the ancient Masha cultural heritage, the County Cultural Center was recruited to the Masha version (Cai clan genealogy) in Qingnanxu in October, l981. There are more than 300 pieces of pear wood engravings in the Tibetan version of the college. In July 1982, four volumes were collected from the village of Changping Village and reprinted in the Qing Dynasty. All were collected by the County Cultural Center. These engravings have become precious historical artifacts.

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